Runtuhnya Kekhalifahan Utsmaniyah dan Rekonstruksi Identitas Islam di Era Modern : Kajian Historis-Intelektual

Abstract

The collapse of the Ottoman Caliphate and the dynamics of the reconstruction of Islamic identity in the modern era. The study begins with a conceptual explanation of the caliphate from an Islamic perspective, covering the theological foundations, leadership functions, and its relevance in the socio-political life of the people. The historical journey of the Ottoman Empire from its founding at the end of the 13th century, its golden age under Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih and Sultan Sulaiman al-Qanuni, until its decline due to internal and external factors such as a weak government system, corruption, pressure from nationalism, and advances in Western military technology. It also examines the role of Ottoman intellectual figures, such as Ibrahim Sinasi, Ziya Pasha, Namık Kemal, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who influenced the direction of reform and modern political thought in Turkey. Through historical and descriptive analysis, it shows that the collapse of the Ottoman Empire was not only a turning point for Islamic world politics, but also gave birth to new discourses on identity, modernity, and the relationship between religion and the state in the context of contemporary Islamic civilization.