Reconstruction of the Concept of Medical Malpractice in the Indonesian Health Legal System After the 2023 Health Law
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The changing landscape of health services and the increasing complexity of the legal relationship between medical personnel, patients, and the state demand an update of the concept of equitable medical malpractice. The birth of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health brings an important paradigm shift, but at the same time raises conceptual issues related to legal certainty, medical risk limits, and professional liability. This study uses prescriptive and analytical juridical-normative legal methods with legislative, conceptual, historical, and comparative approaches. Legal materials are analyzed qualitatively through legal reasoning with systematic, grammatical, and teleological interpretations. The results of the study show that the 2023 Health Law consolidates the regulation of medical malpractice through the concept of layered liability, the affirmation of the ultima ratio principle, and the shift from outcome-based liability to conduct-based liability. However, legal gaps are still found in the absence of a single normative definition of medical malpractice, disharmony with the New Criminal Code, and weak protection in emergency conditions. The reconstruction of the concept of ideal medical malpractice demands a single operational definition, a multi-layered accountability system, an interpretive coordinating institution, and a restorative justice approach. This reformulation is important to realize legal certainty, balanced protection, and a substantive justice Indonesian health legal system.
Downloads
References
Bharata, Y., Zamroni, M., & Pramono, B. (2024). Medical dispute resolution based on RME data through restorative justice. De Lega Lata, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara. https://jurnal.umsu.ac.id/index.php/delegalata/article/view/18057
Dahlan, R., & Budiarsih, B. (2025). Transformation of health law in Indonesia after Law No. 17 of 2023: A qualitative study of the protection of patients' rights and responsibilities of medical personnel. International Journal of Social Policy and Law, 6(2). https://www.ijospl.org/index.php/ijospl/article/view/213
Eryani, S., & Samosir, T. R. A. (2025). The impact of health law reforms on patient rights and medical professional accountability worldwide. Armada Journal, 5(2). https://ojs.cahayamandalika.com/index.php/armada/article/view/4906
Firma, F. R., Jusri, E., & Sapsudin, A. (2025). Comparative review of informed consent as a legal safeguard in healthcare: Perspectives from Indonesia and other countries. Research Horizons, 5(4). http://www.journal.lifescifi.com/index.php/RH/article/view/717
Fitira, A., Subekti, R., & Isharyanto, I. (2025). Kedudukan rekomendasi Majelis Disiplin Profesi sebagai quasi-penyelidikan dalam penyelesaian sengketa medik di Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum IUSTUM. https://journal.uii.ac.id/IUSTUM/article/view/41936
Ghozali, M., Afra, C., & Agusriadi, D. (2024). Legal consequences of medical accidents and medical malpractice in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Law, Society and Health, 1(2), 45–60. https://journal.lps2h.com/ijlsh/article/view/159
Hakam, M. A. (2022). Rekonstruksi formulasi kebijakan malpraktik medis dalam sistem hukum Indonesia berbasis nilai keadilan (Disertasi doktoral). Universitas Islam Sultan Agung. https://search.proquest.com/openview/5bde0b377294bf617820689ac677ebe8
Hidayat, R. (2024). Harmonisasi pengaturan malpraktik dalam KUHP baru dan UU Kesehatan 2023. Jurnal Hukum & Kesehatan Indonesia, 12(2), 145–162.
Jayantara, I. M. D., & Arief, H. (2024). Penyelesaian terhadap tenaga medis yang melakukan malpraktik medis ditinjau dari perspektif UU No. 17 Tahun 2023 tentang kesehatan. Jurnal Hukum Lex Generis. https://ojs.rewangrencang.com/index.php/JHLG/article/view/706
Lestari, M., & Mahardika, A. (2023). Reformulasi tanggung jawab hukum tenaga medis pasca UU Kesehatan 2023. Jurnal Hukum Progresif, 18(3), 201–219.
Lestari, R. D. (2023). Rekonstruksi regulasi perlindungan hukum bagi dokter dan pasien dalam pelayanan kesehatan melalui telemedicine berbasis nilai keadilan (Disertasi doktoral). Universitas Islam Sultan Agung. http://repository.unissula.ac.id/id/eprint/31019
Mawardi, C., Zaid, M., & Kamil, R. (2024). The importance of the restorative justice approach in the resolution of medical disputes. Wacana Hukum, 30(1). https://ejurnal.unisri.ac.id/index.php/Wacana/article/view/10667
Merry, M., Hertanto, Y., & Islami, I. M. R. (2025). Analisis normatif terhadap ketentuan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang kesehatan: Rekonstruksi kewenangan organisasi profesi dan kollegium. Jurnal Keadilan Sosial, 8(11). https://www.jurnal.unismuhpalu.ac.id/index.php/JKS/article/view/7455
Nabil, M. E. (2024). Rekonstruksi regulasi hak dan kewajiban profesi dokter sebagai penyedia pelayanan kesehatan yang berkeadilan (Disertasi doktoral). Universitas Islam Sultan Agung. https://repository.unissula.ac.id/35197
Nofianto, E. (2024). The legal protection of patients as a victim of medical malpractice by physicians on telemedicine services. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380601519
Nugroho, D. (2024). Konsep graded responsibility dalam hukum kesehatan Indonesia. Jurnal Lex Medicinae, 5(1), 55–73.
Perangin-Angin, T. A., Silaban, L. S., & Batubara, S. A. (2025). Mediation as an alternative to legal dispute resolution in health services in hospitals. Jurnal Sosialita, 11(1). http://ejournal.um-sorong.ac.id/index.php/js/article/view/3898
Robian, R., & Wiradirja, I. R. (2024). Criminal legal protection against doctors allegedly committing medical malpractice post the enforcement of Law No. 17 of 2023 on health. International Journal of Administrative and Policy Collaboration, 5(2), 21–35. http://ijapcollaboration.com/index.php/IJAPC/article/view/41
Sari, I. (2025). Alternative dispute resolution in medical dispute resolution: Initiating the establishment of an alternative medical dispute resolution institution in Indonesia. Jurnal Justitia. https://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/Justi/article/view/6633
Setiyanta, P. T. (2023). Rekonstruksi regulasi penyelesaian sengketa medis berbasis nilai keadilan restoratif (Disertasi doktoral). Universitas Islam Sultan Agung. http://repository.unissula.ac.id/30930
Sriwidodo, J., & Wahid, S. H. (2025). Toward equitable healthcare: A medical dispute resolution framework to address medical supply delays in health law. Journal of Legal and Dispute Analysis in Health, 12(3). https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/JLADAH.LADR-1298
Suhaymi, E. (2023). Rekonstruksi regulasi perlindungan hukum terhadap dokter dalam menangani kegawatdaruratan medis berbasis nilai keadilan (Disertasi doktoral). Universitas Islam Sultan Agung. http://repository.unissula.ac.id/30964
Susila, M. E. (2021). Malpraktik medik dan pertanggungjawaban hukumnya: Analisis dan evaluasi konseptual. Law and Justice Journal, 6(1). https://www.academia.edu/download/67619595/2021_Law_and_Justice_Sinta_4.pdf
Thahir, P. S., & Tongat, T. (2024). Legal review of medical crime: Patient protection and professional responsibility in medical practice. Audito Journal of Law and Policy, 9(1), 12–27. https://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/audito/article/view/33832
Tito, E. (2025). Rekonstruksi regulasi penegakan hukum tindak pidana malpraktik medis berbasis nilai keadilan (Disertasi doktoral). Universitas Islam Sultan Agung. https://repository.unissula.ac.id/42894
Vianto, D. (2025). Rekonstruksi regulasi perlindungan hukum terhadap dokter dalam memberikan pelayanan kesehatan berisiko tinggi berbasis keadilan (Disertasi doktoral). Universitas Islam Sultan Agung. https://repository.unissula.ac.id/42893
Widjaja, G. (2021). New paradigm in health law education and regulation: A conceptual approach towards Indonesian national health law. Zenodo. https://www.academia.edu/download/84245201/76_New_Paradigm_in_Health_Law_Education_and_Regulation_a_Conceptual_Approach_Towards_Indonesian_National_Health_Law.pdf
Widjaja, G. (2025). Legal liability of doctors in medical malpractice cases: A literature study. Journal of Contemporary Administrative and Social Change, 10(2), 101–117. https://jcasc.com/index.php/jcasc/article/view/1603
Wicaksono, E. N. (2025). Corporate legal aspects of hospitals in relation to medical malpractice: A review of Law No. 17 of 2023 on health. Private and Social Science Journal, 5(11), 88–104. https://www.journal.privietlab.org/index.php/PSSJ/article/view/944
Wijaya, H., & Pardede, C. D. L. (2025). Rekonstruksi perlindungan hukum bagi dokter dalam praktik telemedicine: Perspektif UU No. 17 Tahun 2023 tentang kesehatan. Jurnal Hukum Lex Generis, 6(12). https://www.ojs.rewangrencang.com/index.php/JHLG/article/view/1889
Wulan, I. G. K., & Rokhim, A. (2025). Legal protection for medical personnel who neglect their duties in performing medical procedures under Law No. 17 of 2023 on health. Locus Journal of Law, 4(9), 44–59. https://locus.rivierapublishing.id/index.php/jl/article/view/4732
Yudhariansyah, A. (2025). Rekonstruksi ketentuan pidana praktik bedah plastik rekonstruksi dan estetika dalam UU Kesehatan yang lebih berkeadilan (Disertasi doktoral). Universitas Islam Sultan Agung. https://repository.unissula.ac.id/42761
Yusar, M., & Hidayat, S. (2024). Penjatuhan pemidanaan terhadap kasus malpraktik berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023. Bureaucracy Journal, 4(3). https://bureaucracy.gapenas-publisher.org/index.php/home/article/view/436
Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Kader Bangsa
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
