Penafsiran Ayat-Ayat Relasi Muslim dan Non-Muslim dalam Kehidupan Bernegara: Reinterpretasi Konsep Ahl al-Dzimmah dalam Perspektif Kewarganegaraan Modern

Abstract

The relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims in state life is an important issue in Islamic thought studies, particularly regarding the concepts of majority–minority relations and ahl al-dhimmah. This study aims to analyze the interpretation of Qur’anic verses concerning Muslim and non-Muslim relations and their relevance in the context of the modern state. The research employed a qualitative approach with a library research method. Data were obtained through the study of Qur’anic verses, classical and contemporary tafsir literature, Islamic thought references, and other relevant academic sources. The analysis was conducted using a thematic interpretation (maudhu’i) approach to comprehensively understand the concepts of majority–minority relations and ahl al-dhimmah. The findings indicate that contextual interpretations of Qur’anic verses are more relevant in fostering tolerant, just, and inclusive relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims within state life. In addition, the concept of ahl al-dhimmah is understood as a historical construct that needs reinterpretation in accordance with the principles of modern citizenship, which emphasize equality of rights and obligations among citizens. This study highlights the importance of integrating text, context, and social dynamics in building harmonious and equitable majority–minority relations in modern states.